Spider (Order: Araneae) fauna of Agro-ecosystem in South Andaman

Authors

  • C. Sivaperuman
     Zoological Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Port Blair – 744102, Andaman and Nicobar Islands

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v123/i4/2023/172679

Keywords:

Agro-Ecosystem, Andaman, Araneae Diversity, Spiders

Abstract

The spider fauna of the Agro-ecosystem in South Andaman has been carried from the eleven sites in two consecutive seasons and sampling was conducted using various scientific methods during (November, 2017-January, 2018) and (Mid July-Early September 2018). A total of 56 spider species are distributed across 17 families.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Downloads

Published

2024-09-26

How to Cite

Sivaperuman, C. (2024). Spider (Order: Araneae) fauna of Agro-ecosystem in South Andaman. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 123(4), 337–360. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v123/i4/2023/172679

Issue

Volume 123, Issue 4, 2023

Section

Articles
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

Barrion, A.T. and Litsinger, J.A. 1995. Riceland Spiders of South and Southeast Asia. CAB International, Wallingford. UK. xix + 700 pp.

Biswas, B. and Biswas, K. 2010. Araneae: Spider. Fauna of Uttarakhand, State Fauna Series 18 (pp. 243-282).

Biswas, B. and Biswas. K. 2004. Araneae: Spiders. Fauna of Manipur, State Fauna Series 10. Zoological Survey of India, 2546.

Blackwell, J. 1867. Description of seven new species of East Indian spiders received from the Rev. O. P. Cambridge. Annals and Magazine of Natural, 14(3): Article 3645.

Churchill, T.B. 1997. Spiders as ecological indicators in the Australian tropics: Family distribution patterns along rainfall and grazing gradients. In: Selden, P.A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology, Edinburgh.

Clauseu, I.H.S. 1986. The use of spiders (Araneae) as ecological indicators. Bulletin of British Arachnology Society, 7(3): 83-86.

Coddington, J.A. and Levi, H.W. 1991. Systematics and evolution of spiders (Araneae). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 22(1): 565-592. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.22.1.565

Coddington, J.A., Griswold, C.E., Silva Dávila, D., Peñaranda, E. & Larcher, S.F. 1991. Designing and testing sampling protocols to estimate biodiversity in tropical ecosystems. In The unity of evolutionary biology: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology (ed. E. C. Dudley), pp. 44-60.

Coddington, J.A., Young, L.H. and Coyle, F.A. 1996. Estimating spider species richness in a southern Appalachian cove hardwood forest. The Journal of Arachnology, 24(2): 111-128.

Colwell, R.K. and Coddington, J.A. 1994. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Biological Sciences, 345: 101-118. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1994.0091 PMid:7972351 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1994.0091

Dayal, S. 1935. Spiders of Lahore. Bulletin of Department of Zoology, Punjab University, 1: 117-252.

De, R. 2001. Management plan of Dudhwa Tiger Reserve (2000-2001 to 2009-2010), Forest Department, Uttar Pradesh.

Dobson, A.P. 1996. Conservation and biodiversity. Scientific America Library, New York. 264 pp.

Frauenfeld, G.R. Von 1867. Zoologische Miscellen. XI. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 17 (pp. 425-502).

Gajbe, U.A 1987a. A new Drassyllus spider from India (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 8(1): 289290.

Gajbe, U.A, and Gajbe, P.U. 1999a. A new species of spider of the genus Tmarus Simon (Araneae: Thomisidae) from Madhya Pradesh, India. Records of Zoological Survey of India, 97(3): 141-143. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v97/i3/1999/160132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v97/i3/1999/160132

Gajbe, U.A and Gajbe, P.U. 1999b. A new species of spider of the genus Tibellus Simon (Arachneae: Philodromidae) from Madhya Pradesh, India. Records of Zoological Survey of India, 97(3): 191-193. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v97/i3/1999/160135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v97/i3/1999/160135

Gajbe, U.A. 1985. A new species of spider of the genus Poecilochroa westring (Family: Gnaphosidae) from India. Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 7(1): 117-119.

Gajbe, U.A. 1987b. A new Haplodrassus spider from India (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 8(1-3): 277-279.

Gajbe, U.A. 1987c. A new Rachodrassus spider from India (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 8(1-3): 281-283.

Gajbe, U.A. 1987d. A new Scopodes spiders from India (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 8(1-3): 285287.

Gajbe, U.A. 1988. On a collection of spiders of the family Gnaphosidae from India. (Araneae: Arachnida). Records of Zoological Survey of India, 85(1): 59-74. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v85/i1/1988/161068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v85/i1/1988/161068

Gajbe, U.A. 1989. On two new species of the genera Scotophaeus Simon and Echemus Simon from India (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Records of Zoological Survey of India, 84(4): 557-562. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v85/i4/1989/161707 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v85/i4/1989/161707

Gajbe, U.A. 1992a. New record of spider Hersilia savignyi Lucas (Family: Hersilidae) from Madhya Pradesh with a description of male. Records of Zoological Survey of India, 90(14): 117-119. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v90/i1-4/1992/160975 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v90/i1-4/1992/160975

Gajbe, U.A. 1992b. A new Sosticus spider from India (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Records of Zoological Survey of India, 91(2): 181-183. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v91/i2/1992/160939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v91/i2/1992/160939

Gajbe, U.A. 1992c. A new Apodrassodes spider from India (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Records of Zoological Survey of India, 91(2): 227229. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v91/i2/1992/160944 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v91/i2/1992/160944

Gajbe, U.A. 1992d. Description of the male of Uloborus danolius Tikader (Araneae: Uloboridae). Records of Zoological Survey of India, 91(2): 235-237. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v91/i2/1992/160946 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v91/i2/1992/160946

Gajbe, U.A. 1992e. A new Liodrassus spider from India (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Records of Zoological Survey of India, 91(2): 247-250. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v91/i2/1992/160948 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v91/i2/1992/160948

Gravely, F.H. 1921. Some Indian spiders of the subfamily Tetragnathinae. Records of Zoological Survey of India. 22(4): 423-459. https:// doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v22/i4/1921/163494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v22/i4/1921/163494

Gravely, F.H. 1912. Mimicry of a mutillid by a spider. Rec. Indian. Mus., Culcutta, 7: 87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v7/i1/1912/163088

Hawksworth, D.L. 1991. Biodiversity databases: The crucial significance of collections. In: Hawksworth, D.L. (Eds.), The Biodiversity of Microorganisms and Invertebrates: It’s Role in Sustainable Agriculture. CAB, Oxon, UK.

Hammer, M.R., Bennett, M.J., & Wiseman, R. 2003. The Intercultural Development Inventory: A measure of intercultural sensitivity, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27: 421443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(03)00032-4

Hénaut, Y., García-Ballinas, J.A. and Alauzet, C. 2006. Variations in web construction in Leucauge venusta (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). The Journal of Arachnology, 34(1): 234-240. https://doi.org/10.1636/S02-65.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1636/S02-65.1

Hingston, R.W.G. 1927. Protective devices in spiders’ snares, with a description of seven new species of orb-weaving spiders. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 97(2): 259-293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1927.tb02261.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1927.tb02261.x

Holloway, J.D. and Stork, N.E. 1991. The dimensions of biodiversity: The use of invertebrates as indicators of human impact. In: Hawksworth, D.L. (Eds.), The biodiversity of microorganisms and invertebrates: It’s role in sustainable agriculture. CAB International, Wallingford.

Hore, U. and Uniyal, V.P. 2008a. Diversity and composition of spider assemblages in five vegetation types of the Terai Conservation Area, India. The Journal of Arachnology, 36(2): 251-258. https://doi.org/10.1636/CT07-53.1 PMCid:PMC2453332

Hore, U. and Uniyal, V.P. 2008b. Effect of prescribed fire on spider assemblage in Terai grasslands, India. Turkish Journal of Arachnology, 1(1): 15-36. https://doi.org/10.1636/CT07-53.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1636/CT07-53.1

Hore, U. and Uniyal, V.P. 2008c. Use of spiders (Araneae) as indicator for monitoring of habitat condition in terai conservation area, India. Indian Forester, 134(10): 1371-1380.

Kapoor, V. 2008. Effects of rainforest fragmentation and shade coffee plantations on spider communities in the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Insect Conservation, 12: 53-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-006-9062-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-006-9062-5

Karsch, E. 1873. Verzeichniss Westfalischer Spinnen (Araneiden) Verh. naturh. Ver. Preuss. Rhein. Westfal., 10: 113-160.

Kaston, B.J. 1978. How to know spiders? The pictured key Nature series. Wm. C. Brown. Co. Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa, USA. 1-272.

Kiritani K. 1979. Pest management in rice. Annual Review of Entomology. 24: 279-312. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.24.010179.001431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.24.010179.001431

Koch, C.L. 1837. Übersicht des Arachnidensystems. Heft 1. C. H. Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nürnberg 39 pp., Pl. 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.39561

Longino, J. 1994. How to measure arthropod diversity in a tropical rainforest. Biology International, 28: 3-13.

Marc, P., Canard A. and Ysnel, F. 1999. Spiders (Araneae) useful for pest limitation and bioindication. Agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment, 74(1-3): 229-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00038-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00038-9

Narayan, K. 1915. Notes on ant-like spiders of the family Attidae in the collection of the Indian Museum. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 11(5): 393-406. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v11/i5/1915/163058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v11/i5/1915/163058

New, T.R. 1995. An Introduction to Invertebrate Conservation Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, London.

New, T.R. 1999. Untangling the web: Spiders and the challenges of invertebrate conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation, 3: 251256. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009697104759 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009697104759

Nossek, M.E. and Rovner, J.S. 1984. Agonistic behavior in female wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae). The Journal of Arachnology,11(3): 407-422.

Ntonifor, N.N., Parr, M.C. and Ewunkem, A.J. 2012. Seasonal abundance and distribution of the huntsman spider, Heteropoda venatoria (Sparassidae: Araneae) in banana agro-ecosystems in Cameroon. Journal of Entomology, 9(2): 79-88. https://doi.org/10.3923/ je.2012.79.88 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/je.2012.79.88

Oliver, I. and Beattie, A.J. 1996. Invertebrate morphospecies as surrogates for species: A case study. Conservation Biology, 10(1): 99109. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10010099.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10010099.x

Patel, B.H. 1973. Some interesting theridiid spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Gujrat, India. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 2(8): 149-152.

Patel, B.H. 1975. Two new spiders of the genus Larinia (Araneae: Argiopidae) from India. Oriental Insects, 9(1): 111-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1975.10434845 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1975.10434845

Patel, B.H. 2003. Fauna of protected areas - A preliminary list of spiders with the descriptions of three new species from Parambikulum Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. Zoo’s Print Journal, 18(10):1207-1212. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.18.10.1207-12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.18.10.1207-12

Patel, B.H. and Reddy, T. S. 1988a. Two new species of genus Ctenus Walckenaer (Araneae: Ctenidae) from coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Entomon, 13: 103-107.

Patel, B.H. and Reddy, T.S. 1990b. Two new species of the genus Pisaura Simon (Araneae: Pisauridae) from coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Entomon, 15(1-2): 37-40.

Patel, B.H. and Reddy, T.S. 1990c. A new species of Amaurobius Koch (Araneae: Amaurobiidae) from coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Entomon, 15(1-2): 41-43.

Patel, B.H. and Reddy, T.S. 1990d. An addition to the Araneid fauna (Araneae: Arachnida) of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 87(2): 157-164. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v87/i2/1990/161429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v87/i2/1990/161429

Patel, B.H. and Reddy, T.S. 1991b. On some new species of Cheiracanthium CL Koch and Simalio Simon (Araneae: Clubionidae) from coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 89(1-4): 269-276. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v89/i14/1991/161013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v89/i1-4/1991/161013

Patel, B.H. and Reddy, T.S. 1993a. Two new species of the genera Meta C.L. Koch and Neoscona Simon of the family Araneidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 90(1-4): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v90/i1-4/1992/160963 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v90/i1-4/1992/160963

Patel, B.H. and Reddy, T.S. 1993b. On some new species of spiders of the genera Hippasa Simon, Lycosa Latreille, Pardosa Koch and Trochosa Koch (family: Lycosidae) from coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 90(1-4): 121-133. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v90/i1-4/1992/160976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v90/i1-4/1992/160976

Patel, B.H. and Reddy, T.S. 1991a. A rare new species of Homalonychus Marx (Araneae: Homalonychidae) from coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 89(1-4): 205-207. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v89/i1-4/1991/161006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v89/i1-4/1991/161006

Patel, B.H. and Vyas. R.V. 2001. Spiders of Hingolgadh Nature Sanctuary, Gujarat, India. Zoo’s Print Journal, 16(9): 589-590. https:// doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.16.9.589-90 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.16.9.589-90

Patel, S.K. 1988a. A new species of spider (family: Araneidae) from Gujarat, India. Current Science, 57(18): 1029-1030.

Patel, S.K. 1988b. A new spider species from Gujarat, India. Current Science, 57(21): 1192-1193.

Patel, S.K. 1988c. A new spider species of the genus Eilica (Gnaphosidae) from India. Biological Bulletin of India, 10(1): 41-43.

Pocock, R.I. 1900. On the scorpions, pedipalps and spiders from tropical West-Africa, represented in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 67(4, 1899): 833-885, Pl. 55-58.

Pocock R.I. 1900a. Great Indian spiders. The genus Poecilotheria: Its habits, history and species. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 13: 121-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939908678082

Pocock, R. I. 1900a. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Arachnida. Taylor and Francis, London.

Pocock, R. I. 1900b. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Arachnida. Taylor and Francis, London.

Pocock, R.I. 1895b. On a new and natural grouping of some of the Oriental genera of Mygalomorphae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 6, 15(86): 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939508677863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939508677863

Pocock, R.I. 1899d. The genus Poecilotheria: Its habits, history and species. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 3(7): 82-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939908678082

Pocock, R.I., 1895a. Notes on the identity of some of the types of Mygalomorphae in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 6, 16(93): 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939508680262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939508680262

Pocock, R.I., 1899b. The genus Poecilotheria: Its habits, history and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 7, 3(13): 82-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939908678082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939908678082

Pocock, R.I., 1899c. Diagnoses of some new Indian Arachnida. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 12(4):744-753.

Pocock, R.I. 1901. Description of some new species of spiders from British India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 13: 478-498.

Pocock, R.I. 1904. Arachnida. In: Fauna and geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. London 2, 797-805.

Prószyński, J. 1992. Salticidae (Araneae) of the Old World and Pacific Islands in several US collections. Annales Zoologici, Warszawa, 44: 87-163. Source: World Spider Catalog.

Prószyński J. 2003. Salticidae (Araneae) of the Levant. Annales Zoologici, Warszawa, 53: 1-180.

Reddy, T.S. and Patel, B.H. 1993. A rare new spider Lutica Marx (Araneae: Zodariidae) from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 92: 173-175. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v116/i1-4/1993/160894 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v116/i1-4/1993/160894

Reddy, T.S. and Patel, B.H. 1991. Two new species of the genus Thomisus Walck (Araneae: Thomisidae) from costal Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 88(2): 68-72.

Reddy, T.S and Patel, B.H. 1992b. A new species of Neoscona Simon (Araneae: Araneida) from coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Entomon, 17(1-2): 129-130.

Reddy, T.S. and Patel, B.H. 1992. Two new species of the genus Thomisus Walckenaer (Araneae: Thomisidae) from coastal Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 88: 268-272.

Reddy, T.S. and Patel, B. H. 1993c. Two new species of the genera Pisaura Simon and Tinus Cambridge (Araneae: Pisauridae) from India. Entomon, 18(3-4): 181-184.

Reddy, T.S. and Patel, B.H. 1993b. Two new species of the genus Chorizopes OP Cambridge (Araneae: Araneidae) from India. Entomon, 18(1): 53-56.

Reddy, T.S. and Patel. B.H. 1993a. Two new species of the genus Oedignatha Thorell (Araneae: Clubionidae) from coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Entomon, 18(1): 47-51.

Reddy, T.S. and Patel. B.H. 1992a. A rare new Tegenaria Latreille spider (Araneae: Agelenidae) from coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Entomon, 17(1-2): 125-127.

Reimoser, E. 1934. The spiders of Krakatau. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1934(1): 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb06215.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1934.tb06215.x

Riechert, S.E. 1974. Thoughts on the ecological significance of spiders. BioScience, 24(6): 352-356. https://doi.org/10.2307/1296741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1296741

Riecken, U. 1999. Effects of short-term sampling on ecological characterization and evaluation of epigeic spider communities and their habitats for site assessment studies. The Journal of Arachnology, 27(1): 189-195.

Sachithanandam, V., Mohan P.M., Karthik R., Elangovan S.S. and Padmavati G. 2013. Climate changes influence the phytoplankton bloom (prymnesiophyceae: phaeocystis spp.) in North Andaman coastal region. Indian Journal of Marine Science, 41(1): 58-66.

Samways, M.J. 1990. Insect conservation ethics. Environmental Conservation, 17(1): 7-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900017227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900017227

Schoener, T.W. and Toft, C.A. 1983. Spider populations: Extraordinarily high densities on islands without top predators . Science, 219(4590): 1353-1355. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.219.4590.1353 PMid:17735613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.219.4590.1353

Sebastian, P.A. and Peter, K.V. 2009. Spiders of India. Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Sebastian, P.A., Mathew, M.J., Beevi, S.P., Joseph, J. and Biju, C.R. 2005. The spider fauna of the irrigated rice ecosystem in central Kerala, India across different elevational ranges. The Journal of Arachnology, 33(2): 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1636/05-08.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1636/05-08.1

Siliwal, M., Molur, S. and Biswas, B.K. 2005. Indian Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae): Updated checklist 2005. Zoos’ Print Journal, 20(10): 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1283.1999-2049. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1283.1999-2049

Silva, D. 1996. Species composition and community structure of Peruvian rainforest spiders: a case study from a seasonally inundated forest along the Samiria River. Revue Suisse de Zoologie vol. hors serie: 597–610.

Simon E. 1886. Etudes arachnologiques. 18e Mémoire. XXVI. Matériaux pour servir à la faune des Arachnides du Sénégal. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6(5): 345-396.

Simon, E. 1887. Observation sur divers arachnides: synonymies et descriptions. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 7(6): 158-159, 167, 175-176, 186-187, 193-195.

Simon, E. 1888. Etudes sur le arachnids de l’Asie méridionale faisant partie des collections de l’Indian Museum (Calcutta). II. Arachnides recueillis aux îles Andaman par M. R. D. Oldham. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 56: 282-287

Simon, E. 1889. Arachnides de I’Himalaya, recuellis par MM Oldham et WoodMason, et faisant partie des collections de I’Indian Museum. Première partie. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 58: 334-344.

Simon, E. 1891. Arachnological studies. 23rd Memory. XXXVIII. Descriptions of new species and genera of the Aviculariidae family. Annals of the Entomological Society of France, 60: 300-312.

Simon, E. 1892. Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris, 1(14): Article 11084. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51973 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51973

Simon, E. 1893. Arachnids of the Malay Archipelago. Swiss Journal of Zoology, 1: 319-328. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.3747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.3747

Simon, E. 1894. Histoire naturelle des araignées. Librairie Enciclopédique de Roret, Paris.

Simon, E. 1895 Etudes arachnologiques. 26e. XLI. Descriptions d’espèces et de genres nouveaux de l’ordre des Araneae. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 64: 131-160.

Simon, E. 1897. On the spiders of the island of St Vincent. III. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 65(4); 860-890. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1898.tb01390.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1898.tb01390.x

Simon, E. 1897a. Arachides recueillis par MM Maindron à Kurrachee et à Matheran (près Bombay) en 1896. Bulletin du Musee d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris.

Simon, E. 1906. Arachnides (2e partie). In: Voyage de M. Maurice Maindron dans l’Inde méridionale. 8e Mémoire. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 75: Article 279314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21686351.1906.12279880

Simon, E.1897b. Matériaux pour servir à la faune arachnologique de l’Asie méridionale. V. Arachnides recueillis à DehruDun (N. W. Prov.) et dans leDekken par M. A. Smythies. Mémoires of the Zoological Society, France, 10: Article 252262.

Solbrig, O.T., Medina, E., Silva, J.F., 1996. Biodiversity and Savanna Ecosystem Processes: A Global Perspective. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78969-4

Song, D.X. and Zhu, M.S. 1997. Fauna Sinica: Arachnida: Araneae: Thomisidae, Philodromidae. Science Press, Beijing.

Stoliczka, F. 1869. Contribution towards the knowledge of Indian Arachnoidae. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 38: Article 201251.

Strand, E. 1907. Vorläufige Diagnosen südund ostasiatischer Clubioniden, Ageleniden, Pisauriden, Lycosiden, Oxyopiden und Salticiden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 31: Article 558570. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.27565 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.27565

Thorell T. 1887. Viaggio di L. Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. II. Primo saggio sui ragni birmani. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 25: 5417.

Thorell, T. 1891. Spiders from the Nicobar Islands and other parts of South Asia. Addendum to Kong Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Documents, 24(2): 1-149

Thorell, T. 1892. On some spiders from the Andaman Islands, collected by E. W.Oates, Esq. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 6, 9: 226-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939208677308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939208677308

Thorell, T. 1895. Descriptive Catalogue of the spiders of Burma. British Museum, London.

Tikader, B.K. and Biswas, B. 1974. Some spiders of the genus Xysticus (family: Thomisidae) from Darjeeling, India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science, 80(B): 262-266. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03051745 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03051745

Tikader, B.K. 1977a. Studies on spider fauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Indian Ocean. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 72: 153-212. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v72/i1-4/1977/161929 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v72/i1-4/1977/161929

Tikader, B.K. 1980. Thomisidae (Crab-spiders). Fauna India (Araneae), 1: 1-247.

Tikader, B.K. 1982. Part 1. Family Araneidae (=Argiopidae). Typical orb-weavers. In: The Fauna of India. Spiders: Araneae, vol. II (pp.1–293), Tikader, B.K., Ed. ZSI, Calcutta.

Tikader, B.K. 1987. Handbook: Indian spiders. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.

Tikader, B.K. and Biswas B. 1981. Spider fauna of Calcutta and its vicinity part I. Records of Zoological Survey India, 30: 1-149.

Topping, C.J. and Lövei, G.L. 1997. Spider density and diversity in relation to disturbance in agroecosystems in New Zealand, with a comparison to England. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 21: 121-128.

Ubick, D., Paquin, P., Cushing, P.E. and Roth, V. 1993. Spiders of North America: An identification manual. American Arachnological Society.

Uetz, G.W. 1991. Habitat structure and spider foraging. In: Bell, S.S., McCoy, E.D., Mushinsky, H.R. (Eds.), Habitat Structure: The Physical Arrangement of Objects in Space (pp. 325-348). Chapman and Hall, London, U.K. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3076-9_16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3076-9_16

Uniyal, V.P. 2006. Records of Spiders from Indian Trans Himalayan Region. Indian Forester, 132(12a): 117-181.

Velmurugan, A., Subramani, T., Swarnam, T.P., Biswas, T.K. and Pandey, S.K. 2018. Climate of Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Longterm pattern analysis. Journal of Andaman Science Association, 23(1): 1-7

Vijayalakshmi. K. and Ahimaz, P. 1993. Spiders an Introduction. Cre: A. Madras.

Walckenaer, C.A. 1841. Natural history of insects. Apterous. Vol 2. Roret, Paris.

Wesołowska, W. and Russell-Smith, A. 2000. Jumping spiders from Mkomazi game reserve in Tanzania (Araneae Salticidae). Tropical Zoology, 13(1): 11-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2000.10531126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2000.10531126

Wilson, E.O. and Peter, F.M. Biodiversity. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1988. Chapter 2, The Loss of Diversity Causes and Consequences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219310/

Wilson, E.O. 1992. The diversity of life. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(4): 476.

Wirth, E., and Barth, F.G. 1992. Forces in the spider orb web. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 171: 359-371. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00223966 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00223966

Wise, D.H. 1993. Spiders in ecological webs. Cambridge University Press. New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511623431

Wise, D.H. 1975. Food limitation of the spider Linyphia marginata: experimental food studies. Ecology, 56(3): 637-646. https://doi.org/10.2307/1935497 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1935497

Wise, D.H. 1982. Predation by a commensal spider, Argyrodes trigonum, upon its host: An experimental study . Journal of Arachnology, 10: 111-116.

Wise, D.H. and Barata, L.L. 1983. Prey of two syntopic spiders with different web structures. Journal of Arachnology,11: 271-281.

Witt, P.N. and Reed, C.F. 1965. Spiderweb building. Measurement of web geometry identifies components in a complex invertebrate behaviour pattern. Science, 149: 1190-1197. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.149.3689.1190 PMid:17747443 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.149.3689.1190

World Spider Catalog. 2023. World spider catalog. Version 24. Natural History Museum Bern.

Yen, A.I., 1995. Australian spiders: An opportunity for conservation. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement, 52: 39-47.

Yin, C.M., Wang, J.F., Zhu, M.S., Xie, L.P., Peng, X.J. and Bao, Y.H. 1997. Fauna Sinica: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae. Science Press, Beijing.