CONCEPT OF PSEUDOPAROf.1ELLA HANDSCHIN, 1925 (COLLEMBOLA ENTOMOBRYIDAE : PARONELLINAE)

HANDSCHIN (1925) splitted the genus Paronella Schott (L893), into four genera viz., Paronella Schott (1893), Pseudoparonella n. g., Aphysa D. g. and Microphysa D. g. He diagnosed P seudoparonella and fixed Paronella appendiculata Schott, 1917 as the type-species of his new genus. In the same paper, he redescribed Paronella setigera Borner, 1906 as a new comb. viz., Pseudoparonella 8etigera and described a new species, Pseudoparonell incerta.

species of the genus in (1) Achaetoic condition of its body; (2) presence of distinct simple spines on manubrium and dentes, (3) presence of extra ocular btructure, (4) nature of scales clothing body and (5) nature of mucronaI structure. Evidently the species having the characters of p. appendiculata and P. qu~en81andica should be included in a separate genus under Callyntrurini as the characters possessed by them neither agree with the cbarcters of Paronella nor with those of p. setigera and p. incerta. Some of such oustanding characters are as follows: (i) presence of transitional pseudoscales mostly of lanceolate shape of. Dicranocentroides (vs. true or typical scales in B. setigera n. comb., L. incerta D. comb. and p. fU8ca) 5; PL-I, E, FJ; (ii) presence of obliquely truncated flexed macro chaetae (brush setae) (vs. achaetoic body in B. 8eUgera, L. incerta and p. /u8ca); (iii) dental spines absent (vs. dental apines always present in B. setigera, L. incerta and p. fusca); (iv) arrangement of ocelli always in 2 longitudinal parallel rows (V8. circular arrangement of ocelli with ocellus B located more or less centrally in each ocellar field in B. setigera and L. incerta). The name Pseudoparonella Handschin (1925), however, is to be retained as the oldest available name for the appendiculata and queenslandica groups of species with the type-species p. appendirulata, Records of the ZoologicaZ Survey 011 ndid fixed by HANDISCHIN (1925) [Articale 68(a)]. The present investigation furtbel reveals that the species listed by PROF. SALMON (1964) under Pseudoparonella Handschin (1925) either belongs to the genus Microparonella Carpenter, 1916 (dover1 Carpenter, ~932), Bromaoanthus Schott, 1925(orienta lis Handischin, 1930 setiger, Typical scales in Paronellini. A-Q, scales from bodY'j R-Z, scales from dentes; a. b, scales from dorsal region of manubrium. Borner, 1906), Lepidonella Yosii, 1960(i~lcerta Handschin, 1925 ; nigrojasciafa Handschin, 1928;papuanus Womersley, 1937) or Paeudoparonella Hand~chio, 1925(halophila Womersley, 1934novJecaledonine Yosii, 1960; shibtai Yosii, 1960). However, his main list of species does not include the species like Paronella appenaioulata Schott MITRA: Ooncept oj Pscu:loparonella Handschin, 1925Handschin, 269 (1917 which HANDSCHIN (l925) specifically and defi:nitely fixed as the type-species of P8eu!loparonella. Thus the present concept of the genus PtJeudopa1'onella is based on four composite generic groups viz., Bromacanthu8,Lepidonella.,Microparonella and P8eudoparonella. A thorough redefinition of Pseudoparonella Handschin (1925) on the basis of its type-species and others is, therefore, imperative and given below.  WOMERSLEY (1939) erected the genus Paronan!l with the type-species Paronella bidenticulata Carpenter, 1925. The material on which WOMERSLEY'S observations were based was a single specimen from Belgrave, Victoria, South Australia. The .diagnostic characters given by WOMERSLEY (1939) are (i) body scaled and (ii) two scale-like lobes at apex of dentes. In the detailed description of the species WOMERSL Y (1939) mentioned: "The apical dental lobes figured by CARPENTER are broken off but the scars are distinctly visible" (p. 212). However, in his figure (Fig. 64 M. ;p. 210), be actually depicted two sockets, one located apically and another dorsally to dentes. The present author examined that specimen of Belgrave, Victoria (Repository: South Australian Museum, Adelaide) in which it is observed that the dental scale-like lobe is totally absent and the scars of dental "scale-lik~ lobes" mentioned by WOMERSLEY (1939) are the sockets of dental spiny appendages of Pseudoaronella. Simultaneously, the examination of the lectotype of Paronella bidenticulata .' The species of Pseudoparonella Handschin (1925) can be distinctly subdivided into two sub-genera viz., Pseudoparonella (for appendiculata group of species) and Lawrenceana (New sub-genus) (for queenslandica-group of species) on the basis of striking Rediflnition: Antennae subequal or longer than body; frontal spines absent; prelabral setae 4, smooth, labral setae, 5, 5, 4, smooth; anterior face of ventral tube anteriorly with 4 + 4 macrocbaetae; dental spines absent; dental scale appendage absent, dental spiny appendages present; mucrones demarcated or nondemarcated from dentes, apicallyor sub-apica\ly located, with 2-3 teeth; femoral organ absent; body clothed with pseudoscales and flexed macrochaetae ; scales on body comparable to the scales of Dicranocentroiaes, scales may be with secondarily rounded apices but mostly with sharp apices (lanceolate); flexed macrochaetae involves ciliated, obliquely truncated ones (brush setae) and also setae with blunt apices (Fig. 1). Type-8pecies: Paronella appendiculata Schott, 1917, fixed by Handschin, 1925 Sub-genus: Pseadoparonella Handschin, 1925 (New Status)  Redi/inition: Antennae shorter or su bequal to the length of body; mucrones small, usually not distinctly demarcated from dentes, sub-spically located, with 2 teeth; 21arge dental spiny appendages present dorsally near base of mucrones, one of such appendages located apically on dentes.  Olothing; Body clothed with scales and setae; scales exhibit different integraded shapes and sizes between small lanceolate to oval elongate ones, each usually with a short basal stalk, scales in general comparable with the scales of Dicranocentroide8 (Fig. 5; Pl. I, E, F ; Pl. II, B, C) ; Ciliated, flexed macrochaetae both obliquely truncated and acuminate, obliquely truncated setae narrow or broad with obliquely truncated apices blunt or drawn into a fine apical process, located on head, l:hs. II, III, Abds. I, -II, III; acuminate macrochaetae u~ual1y found on head, Abds. IV, V and VI; antennae with acuminate microchaetae, occasionally with certain outstanding microchaetae on Ants. I, II; Ant. IV, in addition to such setae, with certain erect, apparently smooth setae, legs clothed with long, delicate set~e, tibiotarsi on inner lateral margin with certain stiff setae; furcula clothed with acuminate, long and short setae.
Thorax: Relative length index of Ths. II III = 19: 13; tibiotarsi feebly divided distally; unguis with paired inner basal teeth and single distal unpaired tooth, external basolateral teeth reduced; teeth more pronounced on bind legs than fore and midlegs; fore-unguiculi more of truncate-type, mid-and hind-unguiculi almost of lanceo~ late type (Fig. 5, H, I); all nondentate; tenent hair slender, clavate; trochanteral organ not seeD. anterior face of ventral tube anteriorly with 4+4 ciliated macrochaetae arranged on each side of the ventral groove, microchaetae clothe rest of the anterior and posterior faces ( Fig. 4, C); rami of retinaculum each with 4 teeth, corpus with a median seta; relative length index of manubrium : mucrodens=37: 51; mucro bidentate, sub-apically attached on dentes, length of mucrones variable (Fig. 5, ], K, L); dentes apically with a large spiny appendage followed by another smaller one as evident from its socket.
Type-specimens: Lectotype and 6 paralectotypes on slides and 4 in spirit are reposited in the Swedish Museum Natural History, Stockholm. Lectotype examined (Plate No. PI. I, C) is a juvenile one and it is not known as to who designated the lectotype of the species. Present investigator, therefore, amends the previous selection and selects the syntype (Slide No. 4177) [Pl. I, A; Fig. 4, B] as the lectotype. This is an adult specimen and corresponds well with the original description of the species. Although Slide Nos. 1237 and 1138 and the specimens in spirit bear the labels having identical data as that of the lectotype and paralectotypes, however, they do not bear any type-label. There is no doubt that these slides and specimens belong to the typeseries which Schott (1917) had examined. The present investigator, therefore, considers other specimens on slides and in spirit as paralectotypes.
Type-locality: The specimens of Pseudoparonella (PseudoparoneZZa) appendiculata were collected by E. Mjoberg from various localities of Queensland, Australia. The present investigator, therefore, selects "Malanda", North Queensland, Australia, as the type-locality of the species which is the locality of the lectotype.
Oomparisons: The species can be characterised by the number of setae on body which is fairly constant. Further, the species can be recognised by its colour pattern. WOMERSLEY (1934) described p. (Pseudoparonella) halophila from West Australia which was discriminated from p. (Pseudoparonella) appendiculata on the basis of the absence of pigmented patches and its shorter antennae. However, such nonpigmented forms (usually juvenile ones) are present in the material of P. (Pseudoparonella) appendiculata studied and in all possibility WOMERSLEY'S p. halophila is a juvenile of p. (PseudoparoneUa) appendiculata. Examination of the single specimen from Belgrave, Victoria, South Australia, on which WOMERSLEY (1936) based the description of Pseudoparonella bidenticulata and subsequently in 1939 based the redescription of Paronana bidenticulata (Carpenter), proves it to be a good example of p. (Pseudoparonella) appendiculata. So called "scars" of "dental lobes", mentioned and depicted by WOMERSLEY are nothing but the sockets of two dental spiny appendages. Yosii (1960) also apprehended this erroneous conception of WOMERSLEY Interrelationships: The sub-genus is close to Lawrenceana but differs from it in the mucro being located sub-apically on dentes and in the presence of an apical dental spiny appendage. Further, the nature of mucrones, which are not clearly demarcated from dentes, is also a characteristic feature of the sub-genus. Chaetotaxically, the suh-genus is also distinct and usually has less number of setae on head and body than Lawrenceana. Similarity in the nature of mucronal end of Pseudoparonella and Bromacanthus is an analogous character. The sub-genus has some affinity with  in the absence of frontal spines and in the presence of simple prelabral setae. However, it is distinct from it in the presence of conspicuous dental spiny appendages, absence of dental spines and in having small, bidentate mucrones, not clearly demarcated from dentes. Further, PseudoparoneUa lacks tuft of outstanding macrochaetae on antennal segments, that is found in the species of Dicranocentroides.
Distribution: The members of the sub-genus are distributed in the oceanic islands of the Australian Region and also in the main territory of Australia. They have not been recorded so far from the oceanic islands of the Oriental Region and New Zealand. Besides the type-species, P. (P.) halophila Womersley, 1934 from Western Australia (where the type-species also occurs) and P. (P.) shibtai Yosii, 1960 are to be included in the subgenus Pseudoparonella.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TYPE-SPECIES
Pseudoparooella (Lawrenceana) queens)andica (Schott) 19171917Salmon, 1964b, Bull. Roy. Soc., N. Z Colouration: Ground colour of body pale yellow with veriable violet to blue pigment; three distinct forms can be discerned: (a) without any trace of pigment on body, this form mostly common in the lectotype and paralectotypes examined (Fig. 8, A; Pl. I, D); (b) with purple pigment along the margins of meso and metaterga, sometime on lateral margins of Abd. I, laterally and dorsomedially on Abds. II, III and also posteromedially and laterally on Abd. IV in the form of small blotches (Fig. 8, B); (c) Forms with dark blue-black pigment in the form of a narrow transverse band posteriorly on Th. II, along tergal margins of Abds. I·IV; Abd. III, medially with a broad transverse band, on Abd. IV three longitudinal strands of the same pigment descend from its anterior margin which unite posteriorly with a dark pigmented patch on either side, transverse band present posteriorly on Abd. IV, Abds. V and VI medially nonpigmented (Fig. 8, C); antennal bases in all the forms usually with dark pigmented patches; pigmentation of legs and antennae variable; furcula nonpigmented.
Type-specimen8 : All the specimens of the species (mentioned above under material) belong to the type-series as evident from the date available from the labels of the specimens. However, excluding lectotype (Slide No. 4178), only two other slides Slide Nos. 1285 and 1286) are labelled as "Paratypes". It is, however, not known as to who selected and designated the lectotype. The lectotype and paralectotypes are preserved in the Swedish Museum Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
Type-locality: The specimens of Pseudoporonella (Lawrenceana) queenslandica were were collected by E. Mjoberg from several localities of Queensland, Australia. The present investigator takes this opportunity to select "Logan village", South Queensland, Australia, as the type-locality of the species, which happens to be the locality of the lectotype.
Oomparisons: The species exhibits considerable colur variations although such variants do not differ significantly from each other in important morphological charcters. Certain colour variants come close to a few species which were described by subsequent workers as new to science. The type-species can be easily discriminated from others by its bidentate mucrones and chaetotaxy of body.
Interrelationships: Lawrenceana apparently appears close to Parachaetocera8 in the nature of mucrones which are bidentate and apically located on dentes but distinctly differs from it in the absence of dental apines, simple nature of prelabral setae and in the absence of dark, stiff outstanding macrochaetae on antennae and appendages. It resembles and differs from Dicranocentroide·s in the characters as mentioned under the interrelationships of the sub-genus Pseudoparonella.
Distribution: Species belonging to the sub-genus Lawrenceana are chiefly distributed in the oceanic islands of the Australian Region. Only one species (type-species) is so far known from the main territory of Australia. From the present state of knowledge, they appear to be absent in the Oriental Region and New Zealand. Besides the type-species following species are to be included in this subgenus: p. (L.) dahli (Schaffer, 1893), D. comb. from Bismarck Archipelago and New Guinea; P. (L.) dakli tamarensis (Schott, 1901), n. comb. from New Guinea; P. (L.) cheesmani (Womersley, 1937), n. comb. from New Guinea ~ p. (L.) bougainvilleae (Yosii, 1960) from Solmon and BougainviUe Islands; p. (L.) queenslandica ftavotruncata Yosii, 1960 from Caledonia and p. (L.) novaecaledoniae Yosii, 1960 also from New Caledonia.