ON SOME COLLECTIONS OF ECHINODERMATA FROM ANDHRA PRADESH AND ORISSA COASTS OF INDIA

Accounts of faunal resources of different coastal segments are important to trace the availability and to assess the extent of distribution as well as the similarity among the fauna and the habitats. Knowing the echinoderm resources is additionally important because of their connection with the health of the environment. The studies of Ganapati and Lakshmana Rao (1962a, b), Rao and Rao (1962), Radhakrishna and Ganapati (1968) and Vijayakumar et al. (1991) on the Andhra Pradesh fauna and of Nagabhushanam and Rao (1969) on Orissa are mainly directed towards ecological aspects and only common species of echinoderms are included in their faunal lists. Recently Sastry (2007) compiled a list of echinoderm species reported from the Indian coast with state wise distribution in the annotation which included 85 spp. from Andhra Pradesh (assuming the echinoids Salmaciella dussumieri and Lovenia elongata might be from Andhra Pradesh though reported from 'Coromandal Coast' which includes Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh coasts but not definitely known) and 52 spp. from Orissa coasts. During the recent survey of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa coasts, 40 species of echinoderms were encountered. The material included several species new to these coasts including one asteroid and one holothurian new to India and reveals extensive distribution along these coasts. These are briefly reported hereunder. Photographs of most of the species are given to facilitate identification of future local collections. All the material is present in the Zoological Collections of Marine Biology Laboratory, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. Phylum ECHINODERMATA Class CRINOIDEA Order COMATULIDA Family HIMEROMETRIDAE 1. Heterometra philiberti a. Muller, 1849)

Description: Arms 21 in number, 60-8Omm long; first brachial syzygy at 3+4 and the second well beyond 9+10.Proximal pinnules smooth, not conspicuously flared or spinose; P1, P2 and P3 gradually becoming longer and stouter.IBr of two ossicles and IIBr of four ossicles with syzygy at 3+4.There is only one IIIBr series in each specimen, of two segments without a syzygy in one specimen and of four segments with syzygy at 3+4 in the other two.Cirri about 20 in number, of about 30 segments, a prominent median dorsal spine on each of the distal segments; terminal claw curved.
Distribution: India-Andaman Islands.The species is newly recorded here from Andhra Pradesh of Indian peninsula.
Elsewhere : Bay of Bengal and East Indies.

Family MARIAMETRIDAE
2. Lamprometra palmata ij.Muller,1841) (PI.I. Fig. 1) Material: Andhra Pradesh: Visakhapatnam District-off Pudimadaka, 5 m, 1.11.2008, five specs;off Pudimadaka, 5 m, 17.3.2009, two specs.Description: Arms up to 40 in number, more than 40 mm long.Division series of only two segments, no syzygy; IIIBr series sometimes only on inner or outer side, rarely IIIBr series absent.P2 larger than PI and P3.First brachial syzygy at 3+4 and the second at 16+17.Cirri about 30 in number with about 25 segments, dorsal side of segments smooth and rounded.
Remarks: Larger specimens were once common in the intertidal rocky habitat at Pudimadaka and Rao and Sowbhagyavathi (1972) reported several associates, particularly myzostomes from these.The two specimens collected on 17.3.2009were on a gorgonacean and had five small specimens of the epizoic ophiothricid ophiuroid Ophiothela danae.
Elsewhere: West coast of India and Maldives to Hawaiian and South Pacific Islands.
Description: Arms 10 in number, 20-80 mm long, arm segments with a longitudinal tubercle-like thickening on dorsal side at the middle of the distal margin giving a keeled appearance; first brachial syzygy at 3+4 and the second mostly at 9+10.Pinnules erect, segments prismatic and keeled on dorsal side.IBr of two ossicles, no syzygy.Cirri 25-40 in number, of about 20-25 segments, dorsal and ventral sides smooth and rounded, no spines or ridges.
Remarks : The species is very common at the rocky habitats of Visakhapatnam coast.
Distribution: India-Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Remarks:
The specimens measure 12-65 mm in R; some of the specimens have only one complete arm and the others are broken or regenerating small arms.
Distribution: India-Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.The species is newly recorded from Andhra Pradesh.

Description:
The specimens measure from about 50 mm to 80 mm in R. In the largest specimen, R/ r = 80/20, width at base 19 mm, broadest after a few segments (21 mm), width of paxillar area = 11 mm.Actinal plates mostly three, two in some interradii.Superomarginal spines are absent, inferomarginals with a chisel shaped flat spine at the margin and scale like spinelets on the actinal surface.
Remarks: Clark (1989) proposed justification of suppression of the senior synonym Asterias petalodea Retzius, 1805 to avoid confusion arising out of application of priority.The specimens are in the National Zoological Collection of Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata and inadvertently missing in Sastry (2007).
Distribution: India-Andhra Pradesh (Krishna District), West Bengal and Nicobar Islands.This is an additional locality from Andhra Pradesh.

Remarks:
The specimen measures R/r = 55/15 mm; actinal plates two; interradial superomarginals without spines; distal superomarginals with very small tubercles; inferomarginals with one broad pointed spine, below the main spine, one spine one-fourth of the main one or still smaller, actinal surface covered with rounded scales.
Distribution: India: Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andaman Islands.Earlier it was also reported from 'Coromandel Coast' which includes Tamil Nadu and part of Andhra Pradesh.Though the exact location is not clear, the record was mentioned as from Andhra Pradesh Coast in Sastry (2007) Elsewhere: Arabian Gulf, East Africa to South China Sea and Philippine Islands and north Australia.Muller and Troschel, 1843 (PI.VI.Fig. 41) Material : Andhra Pradesh: Visakhapatnam District-off Pudimadaka, 10 m, 29.10.2008,one specimen, R/r = 40/9 mm, Br = 9 mm, Px = 4.5 mm, two interradial superomarginals on each side with a tubercle-like spine on the inner margin and the series on the outer margin extending up to twothirds the length of the arm; off Pudimadaka, St. 1,5 m, 17.3.2009,five (three, R=30-32 mm and two juvenile) specs; off Pudimadaka, St. 2, 5 m, 17.3.2009, one spec., R/r=37/12 mm;off Pudimadaka, St. 3, 15 m, 17.3.2009,one spec, R/r=42/13 mm; off Pudimadaka, St. 1, 10 m, 18.3.2009, three specs, R=36-37 mm;East Godavari District-Kakinada Bay (Station 2C-D2, 11.06.2007),one spec; R/r = 15/5 mm, superomarginal spines only on the proximal three segments, others without spines; (Station 3-D2, 11.06.2007),one spec; R/r = 34/10 mm; (Station 1-D1, 19.06.2007), one spec, R/r = 30/8 mm.Orissa: Off Subarnarekha river mouth (Station 3-D1, 19.6.2007),five specs, R/r = 27/7 mm; superomarginal spines short and continuous from interradial area to tip of the arm, 2-3 plates about the middle of the arm with an inner series of spinesi adambulacrals with three furrow spines, subambulacrals in two series of two and two or thee spineletsi inferomarginals with one long pointed spine on the margin, one large spine of half the length of the main surrounded by two or three small spineletsi actinal surface with small rounded scale-like coveringi (Station lA-Dl), 17 specs, R = 18-26 mm.

Astropecten vappa
Distribution: India-Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Andaman Islands.This is the first report of the species from Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.
Elsewhere: Sri Lanka, South China Sea, Philippine Islands and SW Australia to southern Queensland.
Distribution: India: The species newly recorded from the coasts of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa is new to India.
Elsewhere: Sri Lanka, East Indies, South China Sea and North Australia.
Order VALVATIDA Family ASTERINIDAE 9. Asterina lorioli Koehler, 1910 (PI.II.Fig. 10) Description: Abactinal side moderately convex, abactinal plates irregularly polygonal, closely packed, covered with uniform granulations, a single enlarged tubercle on some of the abactinal plates only in the largest specimen.Superomarginal plates large, vertically aligned but extending to abactinal side forming a side wall, covered with uniform granulation.Inferomarginal plates with a prominent flat spine on the outer lower margin.Actinal plates parallel to the adambulacrals, covered with uniform granulation and with 1-3 large bivalved pedicellariae conspicuous particularly on the plates adjacent to the adambulacrals.Adambulacral plates with 6-8 furrow spines, 2-3 subambulacrals spines and fine granulation outer to these.
Remarks : The smallest specimen from Station 17/1 with poorly developed granulation only on the abactinal side, pedicellariae not yet developed, and very small subactinal spines, appears to be a juvenile.James (1997) revised the species of the genus and gave full synonymy.
Distribution: India-Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andaman Islands.The species is newly recorded from Andhra Pradesh.

Description:
The specimen measures 95/35 mm in R/r.Abactinal surface covered with small rising granules.Primary plates each with a spine like tubercle, continuing on the carinal series of plates, smaller in the proximal half and prominent in the distal half; also a lateral series on either side of the carinals.Supero-and inferomarginals granule covered with a prominent tubercle, no intermarginal pores or plates.Adambulacals with 8-10 small spines deep in the furrow spies and two series of subambulacrals often of three and two spines.Actinal plates covered by irregular granules, some large and high.
Distribution: India-Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Remarks: The specimens were found entangled among coils of the arm of the crinoids from the locality.The species is characterized by rugose arm spines and trilobed distal margin of the dorsal arm plates.The species is common among the sponges and algal tufts in the rocky habitats of most localities.

Amphioplus (A.) cyrtacanthus
H. L. Clark, 19151971. Amphioplus (A.)  Description: Longest intact arm 7 mm long.Disc scales smooth, naked, larger centrally, primary rosette can be discerned.Radial shields twice as long as broad, about half the radius in length.Oral papillae four on each side, third one much larger than the rest.Dorsal arm plates more than twice as abroad as long, distal margin straight.Ventral arm plates with distal margin notched at the centre and lateral margins concave.Lateral arm plates with three small smooth pointed spines, the middle one largest.Oral shields narrowed in front and prolonged distally; lateral shields meeting in front of the oral shield.Tentacle pores with two scales.

Remarks:
The specimen from St. 7/1 (40 m) has the central disc scales distinctly larger than the other disc scales and the distal margin of the dorsal arm plates straight (fig.20).In the one from St. 3/2 (30 m) difference in the size of central and other disc scales is discernible only on close examination but the distal margin of dorsal arm plates is straight as in the other specimen (fig.21).30 m, 29.10.2008, two specs;St. 4. Off Pudimadaka, 10 m, 30.10.2008 Material: Andhra Pradesh: Guntur District-off Nizampatnam Bay, 30 m, six specimens.

Remarks:
The specimens measure 100-130 mm in diameter and 30-40 mm in height with D = 3-3.5H.The test is somewhat leathery.

Remarks:
The species is characterized by stirodont dentition, compound diadematoid ambulacral plates and a deep sinuous groove between the two series of interambulacral plates.The spines are generally black, sometimes with pink broken, regeneratig tips.At habitats with strong wave action, it lives in bores, supposed to be made by itself.When living in bores or in deep crevices, the spines on the protected side are short and the ones on the open side are long and pointed and projecting out into the open.This appears to be a protective adaptation.
Elsewhere: Indo-Pacific tropical and subtropical coasts from the African coast to New Caledonia, Samoa and the Bonin Islands (Mortensen in Sastry, 2007).
Order TEMNOPLEUROIDA Family TEMNOPLEURIDAE 24.Salmaciella dussumieri (L.Agassiz, 1846)  Remarks: The specimens have large angular pits and crenulate tubercles on the test and pore pairs are in arcs of three.Spines are banded with rusty red.The young ones occur in large aggregations in the subtidal depths, particularly around the river mouths.
Distribution: India: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Andaman Islands.Remarks: In the specimens collected long back in early seventies, the spines were olive green or white but turned dark green on preservation in formalin.
Elsewhere: Indo-west Pacific.12-13 mm in length, space between pore series of posterior ambs raised, appearing carinate, highest at the apical system only subanal fasciole present, no inner or peripetalous fasciole; primary spines limited to the two posterior lateral interambs, close to the ambitus, number varying from three to 6 in two to three rows; labrum to 1f2 to end on the 2 nd plate; outer series of anterior lateral petals developed only in the distal half; (INS-06, Station 14, D-l), 20 m, five specs, largest 32 mm long, six primary spines (3+2+1) in the right and five (3+2) in the left anterior lateral interambs.
Elsewhere: Western Indian Ocean to Philippine Islands and North Australia.Material : Andhra Pradesh : Guntur District-Nizampatnam Bay (Station 17 /1, 12.10.2006),one spec,l x b x h = 38 x 30 x 14 mm, highest at posterior interambulacrum, flat and low anterior to apical system.
Distribution: India: Tamil Nadu and Andaman Islands.The exact location on 'Coromandel Coast' which includes parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu coasts, reported by Anderson (1894 in Sastry, 2007) being not known, this is the first report of the species from Andhra Pradesh.2007.Havelockia versicolor: Sastry, D. R. K. Rec. zool. Surv. India,Dcc. Paper,No. 271: 248 Material: Andhra Pradesh: Visakhapatnam coast, K. A. Sai (the material was already mentioned in Sastry, 2007).
Distribution : India : Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Andaman Islands.
Distribution: India-Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.Newly recorded from Orissa coast.The species is recently collected from the coast of Karnataka also (unpublished) Elsewhere: SE Arabia, Maldives, Bay of Bengal and East Indies.
Distribution: India: Newly recorded from Andhra Pradesh and also new to Indian fauna.The types are from Bay of Bengal, but without exact locality.This is the first report with exact locality since its discovery.Material: Andhra Pradesh: Kakinada (Mouth of Godavari River), Dipti.(included in Sastry, 2007) Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh.Material: Andhra Pradesh: Kakinada (Mouth of Godavari River), Dipti.

Elsewhere
Distribution: India: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.The species is newly recorded from Andhra Pradesh.
Elsewhere: Bay of Bengal, East Indies, Philippines and South China Sea.

SUMMARY
The echinoderm collections from Andhra Pradesh and Orissa coasts consisted of three species of Crinoidea, nine species each of Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea, 14 species of Echinoidea and five species of Holothuroidea, totaling to 40 species.Of these the asteroid A. velitaris and the holothuroid Protankyra inflexa encountered first since its discovery are new to Indian coast.The material included one species of crinoid, five species of asteroids, six species of ophiuroids, four species of echinoids and one species of holothurians new to Andhra Pradesh.Further, the asteroids Astropecten vappa and A. velitaris and the ophiuroid Macrophiothrix longipeda are new to Andhra Pradesh as well as to Orissa.The deep water ophiuroid Ophiochiton ambulator and the holothurian Leptopentacta javanicus are also new to Orissa.All the echinoderms consisting of 100 species from Andhra Pradesh and 57 species from Orissa, including the present additions, are listed.Heterometra philiberti (J.Muller)* 2. Clypeaster annandalei Koehler

ACKNO~EDGEMENTS
We are grateful to the Ministry of Earth Sciences (formerly Department of Ocean Development), Government of India, New Delhi for financial support.The present work was carried out at the Marine Biology Laboratory, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.Dr D. B. James kindly identified the material of Protankyra inflexa while Shri S. K. Mukherjee identified most of the other holothurian APPENDIX-I Classified list of echinoderms of Andhra Pradesh coast (*spp.new to Andhra Pradesh, **spp.new to India, # deepwater spp.
SE Arabia, Red Sea and East Coast of Africa to Philippine Islands and North Australia.
Clark, A. M. and Rowe, F. W.
: Bay of Bengal, Philippine Islands and North Australia.